Some people use the snooze function repeatedly after the first alarm before they awaken, presumably to awaken gradually and gently. The snooze function of alarm clocks helps avoid oversleeping after turning off the alarm. It is also possible that many Japanese people use external tools such as alarms to wake up in the morning because of sleep loss and difficulties in awakening. Studies on Japanese people have suggested that only a few Japanese use SA because they have a short sleep time. They reported that the sleep duration on natural wake days (mean sleep duration: 8.74h ± 3.77 min) was significantly longer than on days when participants used an alarm or a snooze alarm to wake up (mean sleep duration: 7.83h ± 3.54 min for the alarm and 7.95 h ± 3.66 min for the snooze alarm). investigated the effect of sleep duration on the waking method of 385 full-time workers in the USA. In Japan, only 10.3% of university students and 18.9% of workers reported SA. Allen indicated that adrenocorticotropin release before awakening, which facilitates sympathetic nervous activity, reduces sleep inertia. observed that the heart rate gradually increased before SA and suggested that the increased heart rate facilitates a smoother transition from sleep to awakening. People who plan to SA show increasing sympathetic nervous activity before waking up, suggesting that the body prepares for waking up before sleep termination. Moreover, self-awakening (SA), a method of waking up at a predetermined time without an alarm, is an effective strategy for reducing sleep inertia. Research on factors influencing sleep inertia has suggested strategies for reducing sleep inertia, including sleeping for an optimal duration and waking up from light sleep. Reducing sleep inertia helps people awaken refreshed in the morning. Studies have also suggested that the effect of sleep stages and circadian timing on sleep inertia was influenced by sleep loss (deprivation). Studies on the effect of endogenous circadian cycles on sleep inertia indicated that sleep inertia is worse after nights when the core body temperature is lower than the day. Research on the relationship between sleep stages and sleep inertia has reported that performance decreased upon waking from SWS sleep compared to N1, N2, and REM sleep. reported that performance was worse after chronic restricted sleep when sleep opportunities for a 24-h day were 5.6 h compared to normal sleep when sleep opportunity for a 24-h day was 8 h. Sleep deprivation studies on the relationship between sleep loss and sleep inertia have indicated that sleep inertia worsens on partial sleep deprivation (2 h) nights compared to sufficient sleep (8 h) nights. These factors include prior sleep deprivation, the length of waking time prior to sleep, the sleep stage at awakening, circadian timing of awakening, the amount of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) slow-wave sleep (SWS), and the method of waking. Many factors increase the intensity and duration of sleep inertia. Sleep inertia appears after normal nocturnal sleep, and its duration rarely exceeds 30 min. Moreover, sleep loss (deprivation) increases sleep inertia, which is a transitional state of reduced arousal and impaired cognitive and behavioral performance immediately upon awakening. Sleep loss (deprivation) has led to increased daytime sleepiness and bad moods on awakening, with impairments of specific cognitive function and decreased immune, inflammatory and cardiovascular functions. The Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK) reported in 2020 that the mean sleep time of Japanese people was 7 h 12 min, down from 8 h 13 min in 1960. Today, the nocturnal sleep duration has become shorter for most people. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.
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